词根学习:tend / tens / tent
关键点:核心义是“强/支撑/加固”。把 fortis 想成一股“承重力”:能把结构顶住(fort/fortress),也能把力量推出去(effort),还能把人心扶稳(comfort)。拉丁 tendere = stretch(伸、拉、趋向)。把它想成“力场/要塞”:一方面是 strong,一方面是把东西“加固/支撑起来”。tend- 为动词词干,tens- / tent- 为过去分词词干变体,表“被拉伸、紧张、意图”。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/extend)
目录
A. 意象化理解
伸/拉 从“物理拉伸”到“延伸、倾向、意图、紧张”。extend = 伸出去 → 延伸;intend = 伸向(目标)→ 打算;attention = 伸向(某点)→ 注意。
tension = 被拉紧(的状态)→ 紧张;contend = 一起拉(争)→ 竞争、主张。
(技术语境):把系统当作“城防工程”:fortify=加固边界;effort=把力打出去;comfort=给用户“稳住”的支撑。
三条路径:fort/fortress(防御)→ effort(出力)→ comfort/fortitude(扶稳/坚韧)。
B. 词汇表
pretend [A1](假装)
- 拆解:pre-(before)+ tend-(stretch)→ 提前伸(装出来)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):(把意图)提前伸出去(装样子) → 假装。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pretend)
- 例句:Do not pretend to understand when you don’t.
intense [B1](强烈的)
- 拆解:in-(表加强)+ tens-(stretch)→ 拉紧的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):(张力)拉紧的 → 强烈的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/intense)
- 例句:The debate was intense.
distract [B1](使分心)
- 拆解:dis-(apart)+ tract-(pull)→ 拉散(注意)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把(注意力)拉散 → 使分心。(注:词根为 tract。)(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/distract)
- 例句:Noise can distract the team.
tense [B2](紧张的;时态)
- 拆解:tens-(stretch)→ 拉紧(的状态)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):被拉紧的 → 紧张的;语法里“时间被拉到某个点” → 时态。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/tense)
- 例句:She spoke in the past tense.
attend [B2](参加;照料;注意)
- 拆解:at-(ad-, to)+ tend-(stretch)→ 向…伸过去
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把心思“伸向某事” → 注意;把人“跟着照看” → 照料;到场“伸向现场” → 参加。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/attend)
- 例句:Only admins may attend the incident call.
extend [B2](延伸;延长)
- 拆解:ex-(out)+ tend-(stretch)→ 伸出去
- 释义:向外伸 → 延伸、延长。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/extend)
- 例句:We will extend the API to support bulk operations.
intend [B2](打算;意图)
- 拆解:in-(toward)+ tend-(stretch)→ 伸向(目标)
- 释义:(心)伸向… → 打算、意图。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/intend)
- 例句:We intend to ship by Friday.
contend [B2](竞争;主张)
- 拆解:con-(together)+ tend-(stretch)→ 一起拉(争)
- 释义:一起伸向(同一目标) → 竞争;或“伸张(主张)” → 主张。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/contend)
- 例句:We contend that the change is backward compatible.
tension [B2](紧张;张力)
- 拆解:tens-(stretch)+ -ion → 被拉紧(的状态)
- 释义:拉紧 → 紧张、张力。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/tension)
- 例句:There was tension between the two teams.
tendency [B2](倾向;趋势)
- 拆解:tend-(stretch/aim)+ -ency(名词)→ 倾向这一状态
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):事物“伸向某个方向”的习性/趋势 → 倾向;趋势。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/tendency)
- 例句:There is a tendency to overfit the metrics.
attention [B2](注意)
- 拆解:at-(ad-, to)+ tent-(stretch)+ -ion → 伸向(某点)
- 释义:(心思)伸向… → 注意。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/attention)
- 例句:Pay attention to the deprecation notice.
extension [B2](扩展;延期;扩展名)
- 拆解:ex-(out)+ tens-(stretch)+ -ion(名词)→ 伸出去的结果
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):向外“伸出去”的结果 → 扩展;延期;(文件)扩展名。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/extension)
- 例句:Install the browser extension.
intensity [B2](强度;强烈程度)
- 拆解:intense(拉紧的/强烈的)+ -ity(…性)→ 强烈这一性质
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把张力“拉到很紧”的程度 → 强度;强烈程度。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/intensity)
- 例句:We monitor CPU intensity during load tests.
intention [B2](意图;目的)
- 拆解:in-(toward)+ tent-(stretch)+ -ion(名词)→ 伸向目标的“心之张力”
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把心思/目标“伸向那里并保持张力” → 意图;目的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/intention)
- 例句:State your intention before making changes.
tentative [B2](试探性的)
- 拆解:tent-(stretch)+ -ative → 伸出去试的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):伸出去试试(未定) → 试探性的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/tentative)
- 例句:The fix is tentative until we have more data.
attendance [B2](出席;出勤;(来访)人数)
- 拆解:attend(参加/照料)+ -ance(名词)→ 出席这件事/状态
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):在场并“跟着关注/照料”的状态 → 出席;出勤;人数。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/attendance)
- 例句:Daily attendance is tracked automatically.
pretense [C1](借口;伪装)
- 拆解:pre-(before)+ tens-(stretch)→ 把说法“提前伸出去”当作外壳
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把理由/姿态“先伸出来挡在前面” → 借口;伪装。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pretense)
- 例句:He left under the pretense of a meeting.
attentive [C1](专注的;留心的)
- 拆解:attent-(stretch toward, 注意的)+ -ive(…的)→ 倾向于把注意力伸过去
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把注意力“持续伸向”某处 → 专注的;留心的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/attentive)
- 例句:Be attentive to edge cases.
contender [C1](竞争者)
- 拆解:contend(竞争)+ -er(人)→ 参与竞争的人
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):和别人“一起拉向同一目标”的人 → 竞争者。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/contender)
- 例句:It’s a strong contender for best tool.
extensive [C1](广泛的;大量的)
- 拆解:ex-(out)+ tens-(stretch)+ -ive(…的)→ 伸得很广的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):覆盖面“伸得很广”的 → 广泛的;大量的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/extensive)
- 例句:Extensive tests run nightly.
contention [C1](争论;争用)
- 拆解:con-(together)+ tent-(stretch)+ -ion → 一起伸(争)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):(多方)一起伸(争同一目标) → 争论、争用。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/contention)
- 例句:Lock reduces contention on the counter.
pretension [C1](自命不凡;(不充分的)声称)
- 拆解:pre-(before)+ tens-(stretch)+ -ion(名词)→ 把“主张”伸到前面
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把(未必站得住的)主张“伸出来顶在前面” → 声称;自命不凡。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pretension)
- 例句:The design avoided unnecessary pretension.
attentively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:attentive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves attentively under load.
contentious [C1](有争议的;好争论的)
- 拆解:contention(争论/争用)+ -ous(…的)→ 充满争论的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):处处“拉扯争夺”的 → 有争议的;好争论的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/contentious)
- 例句:This is a contentious topic.
extensively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:extensive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves extensively under load.
intentional [C1](有意的;故意的)
- 拆解:intention(意图)+ -al(…的)→ 带着意图的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):带着明确“伸向目标”的意图 → 有意的;故意的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/intentional)
- 例句:This was an intentional breaking change.
tentatively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:tentative + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves tentatively under load.
contentiously [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:contentious + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves contentiously under load.
intentionally [C1](故意地;有意地)
- 拆解:intentional + -ly(副词)→ 以“有意”的方式
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以带着明确意图的方式 → 故意地;有意地。
- 例句:We intentionally limit retries to avoid storms.
C. 关联词根词缀
关联词根(非本文主讲)
(本词表暂无可登记的其他词根/词干)
组合词素(Combining forms,建议可单列)
(本词表暂无可登记的组合词素)
词缀(Affixes,不单列,仅登记)
- -al:intentional / intentionally
- -ance:attendance
- -ative:tentative / tentatively
- -ency:tendency
- -er:contender
- -ion:tension / attention / extension / intention / contention
- -ity:intensity
- -ive:tentative / attentive / extensive / attentively / extensively
- -ly:attentively / extensively / tentatively / contentiously / intentionally
- -ous:contentious / contentiously
- at-:attend / attention / tentative / attendance / attentive
- attent-:attention / attentive / attentively
- con-:contend / contender / contention / contentious / contentiously
- dis-:distract
- ex-:extend / extension / extensive / extensively
- in-:intense / intend / intensity / intention / intentional
- pre-:pretend / pretense / pretension
- tract-:distract