词根学习:pel / puls
关键点:核心义是“强/支撑/加固”。把 fortis 想成一股“承重力”:能把结构顶住(fort/fortress),也能把力量推出去(effort),还能把人心扶稳(comfort)。拉丁 pellere = drive / push(驱、推)。把它想成“力场/要塞”:一方面是 strong,一方面是把东西“加固/支撑起来”。pel- 为动词词干,puls- 为过去分词词干,表“被驱动、推”。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/compel)
目录
A. 意象化理解
驱/推 从“物理推动”到“迫使、驱散、冲动”。compel = 一起推(逼)→ 强迫;repel = 推回去 → 击退、排斥;impulse = 推进去(的力)→ 冲动、脉冲。
expel = 推出去 → 驱逐;propel = 向前推 → 推进。
(技术语境):把系统当作“城防工程”:fortify=加固边界;effort=把力打出去;comfort=给用户“稳住”的支撑。
三条路径:fort/fortress(防御)→ effort(出力)→ comfort/fortitude(扶稳/坚韧)。
B. 词汇表
pulse [B1](脉搏;脉冲)
- 拆解:puls-(push)+ -e → 一次推(的节奏)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):有节奏的“推”动 → 脉搏、脉冲。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pulse)
- 例句:Check the pulse of the service.
expel [B2](驱逐;开除)
- 拆解:ex-(out)+ pel-(drive)→ 推出去
- 释义:把…推出(境/组织) → 驱逐、开除。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/expel)
- 例句:The student was expelled for violating the policy.
repel [B2](击退;排斥)
- 拆解:re-(back)+ pel-(drive)→ 推回去
- 释义:把…推回 → 击退、排斥。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/repel)
- 例句:The coating repels water.
compel [B2](强迫)
- 拆解:com-(together)+ pel-(drive)→ 一起推(逼)
- 释义:推到一起(不得不) → 强迫。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/compel)
- 例句:The SLA compels us to respond within four hours.
propel [B2](推进)
- 拆解:pro-(forward)+ pel-(drive)→ 向前推
- 释义:推向前 → 推进。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/propel)
- 例句:The new engine will propel the project forward.
impulse [B2](冲动;脉冲)
- 拆解:im-(in-, into)+ puls-(push)→ 推进去(的力)
- 释义:向内推的(力/信号) → 冲动、脉冲。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/impulse)
- 例句:The circuit sends an impulse every 100 ms.
impulsive [B2](冲动的;凭一时兴起的)
- 拆解:im-(in-, into)+ puls-(push)+ -ive(形容词后缀)→ “被推着走”的。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):容易被内在“推力”带着走 → 冲动的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/impulsive)
- 例句:Impulsive changes often break APIs.
dispel [C1](驱散)
- 拆解:dis-(apart)+ pel-(drive)→ 推散
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):把(疑虑/迷雾)推散 → 驱散。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/dispel)
- 例句:We need to dispel the myth that the legacy system is immutable.
pulsate [C1](搏动;脉动)
- 拆解:puls-(beat/push)+ -ate(动词后缀)→ 反复“推/击”。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pulsate)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以节奏性方式收缩/扩张 → 搏动、脉动。
- 例句:The light seems to pulsate in the fog.
expulsion [C1](驱逐;开除;排出)
- 拆解:ex-(out)+ puls-(push, past part.)+ -ion → 推出去(的行为/结果)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/expulsion)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):驱逐/开除;(医学)排出。
- 例句:Expulsion from the program followed repeated violations.
pulsation [C1](搏动;脉动)
- 拆解:puls-(beat/push)+ -ation(名词后缀:过程/结果)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pulsation)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):搏动这一过程/现象。
- 例句:Pulsation can be measured as a periodic signal.
repellent [C1](防…的;驱避剂;令人反感的)
- 拆解:来自拉丁现在分词 repellentem(repel 的进行态),含“持续把东西推回去”。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/repellent)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):能把东西推开/挡回去的;也指驱避剂。
- 例句:Use insect repellent in summer.
repulsion [C1](排斥;反感)
- 拆解:re-(back)+ puls-(push, past part.)+ -ion → 推回去(的作用/感受)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/repulsion)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):排斥(力/作用);引申为强烈反感。
- 例句:Repulsion increases as distance decreases.
repulsive [C1](令人排斥的)
- 拆解:re-(back)+ puls-(push)+ -ive → 把人推回去的
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):令人想“推开”的 → 令人排斥的。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/repulsive)
- 例句:The bug had a repulsive effect on users.
compulsion [C1](强迫;冲动性驱使)
- 拆解:com-(together)+ puls-(push, past part.)+ -ion → “被推到一起”的强制力。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/compulsion)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):强迫性的驱使力量;强迫行为。
- 例句:He felt a compulsion to check the logs.
compulsive [C1](强迫性的;难以自控的)
- 拆解:来自拉丁过去分词干 compuls-(compel 的被推/被迫状态)+ -ive(形容词后缀)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/compulsive)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):带“强迫驱动”的 → 强迫性的。
- 例句:Compulsive retries can overload the service.
propellant [C1](推进剂)
- 拆解:propel + -ent(形容词/名词后缀;“起推动作用的”)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/propel)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):用于“推动前进”的材料 → 推进剂。
- 例句:The rocket uses liquid propellant.
propulsion [C1](推进;推进力)
- 拆解:pro-(forward)+ puls-(push, past part.)+ -ion → 向前推动(的过程/力量)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/propulsion)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):使物体向前移动的力/过程 → 推进;推进力。
- 例句:Electric propulsion reduces emissions.
propulsive [C1](推进的;有推进力的)
- 拆解:propuls-(propel 的过去分词干)+ -ive(形容词后缀)。(Etymonline: https://www.etymonline.com/word/propulsive)
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):具有推进作用/倾向的。
- 例句:Propulsive force comes from the thrust.
impulsively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:impulsive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves impulsively under load.
repulsively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:repulsive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves repulsively under load.
compulsively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:compulsive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves compulsively under load.
propulsively [C1](派生词):
- 拆解:propulsive + -ly(副词后缀)。
- 释义(按词根词缀推导):以…的方式 → …地。
- 例句:The system behaves propulsively under load.
C. 关联词根词缀
关联词根(非本文主讲)
(本词表暂无可登记的其他词根/词干)
组合词素(Combining forms,建议可单列)
(本词表暂无可登记的组合词素)
词缀(Affixes,不单列,仅登记)
- -ate:pulsate
- -ation:pulsation
- -e:pulse / expel / repel / compel / propel
- -ent:repellent
- -ion:expulsion / pulsation / repulsion / compulsion / propulsion
- -ive:impulsive / repulsive / compulsive / propulsive / impulsively
- -ly:impulsively / repulsively / compulsively / propulsively
- com-:compel / compulsion / compulsive / compulsively
- compuls-:compulsion / compulsive / compulsively
- dis-:dispel
- ex-:expel / expulsion
- im-:impulse / impulsive / impulsively
- pro-:propel / propellant / propulsion / propulsive / propulsively
- propuls-:propulsion / propulsive / propulsively
- re-:repel / repellent / repulsion / repulsive / repulsively